Researchers at the University of Waikato deliberately built a robot called Spike using traits that previous research associated with creepiness: an appearance that is hard to classify as human, animal or machine, plus spikes, unusual facial features, dark colors and unpredictable motion.

They showed Spike to 104 participants. Some described it as angry or unsettling, while others thought it was cool or even cute. The team concluded that there may be no universally creepy robot because perceptions vary strongly between people.